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Haemoglobin, the red pigment in the red blood cells is essential for the transport of oxygen to the tissue. If the level is below the normal range, the person is anaemic, looks pale and tires easily. Severe anaemia can lead to heart failure. Anaemia can be due to a) decresed production of normal red blood cells b) lack of essential nutrients like iron c) hereditary disorders like thalassemia. Additional tests may be needed to confirm this.
Hepatitis A is acquired by taking food or drinks which are contaminated with faecal matter from an infected person. The majority of patient will recover. Those who have recovered will be positive for HAVIgG and will be protected for future infections with hepatitis A. Hepatitis A can now be prevented through immunization. The vaccine is given in 2 doses 6 month apart.
Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is a minor component of hemoglobin to which glucose is bound. Levels of HbA1c are not influenced by daily fluctuations in the blood glucose concentration but reflect the average glucose levels over the prior six to eight weeks. HbA1c may be used to monitor the effects of diet, exercise, and drug therapy on blood glucose in people with diabetes.
This is the good cholesterol as it helps to remove cholesterol from the cells and transport it to the liver for excretion. High levels of HDL are associated with low risk of atherosclerosis and are seen in women before menopause, persons who exercise regularly and non-smokers.
Detects antibodies to the bacteria and will not distinguish previous infection from a current one. If test is negative, then it is unlikely that a person has had an H. pylori infection. If ordered and positive, results should be confirmed using Urea breath test (UBT).
A person who recovers completely from a hepatitis B infection or had a successful hepatitis B immunization will have Anti-HBs. The level of Anti-HBs will decrease with time. Those who acquire the Anti-HBS through immunization will require a booster dose if the level falls below 100 mIU/ml.
HBs Ag is a part of the capsule of the hepatitis B virus and if positive represents hepatitis B infection. If the liver enzymes are normal, the person is a carrier of hepatitis B. If the enzymes are high for more than a few months, that person is suffering from chronic hepatitis B. Both groups have a higher risk of liver cancer than the normal population.
A protein found in the blood and identified as a principle clinical marker for systemic inflammation which means its presence indicates a heightened state of inflammation in the body.
