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Haemoglobin, the red pigment in the red blood cells is essential for the transport of oxygen to the tissue. If the level is below the normal range, the person is anaemic, looks pale and tires easily. Severe anaemia can lead to heart failure. Anaemia can be due to a) decresed production of normal red blood cells b) lack of essential nutrients like iron c) hereditary disorders like thalassemia. Additional tests may be needed to confirm this.
This is the good cholesterol as it helps to remove cholesterol from the cells and transport it to the liver for excretion. High levels of HDL are associated with low risk of atherosclerosis and are seen in women before menopause, persons who exercise regularly and non-smokers.
Intended for use as an aid in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in persons with gastrointestinal symptoms.
Hepatitis A vaccination is usually recommended to those who are travelling to countries that have high or intermediate HAV endemicity before departure. Following immunization, Hepatitis A IgG is usually detectable for life.
A person who recovers completely from a hepatitis B infection or had a successful hepatitis B immunization will have Anti-HBs. The level of Anti-HBs will decrease with time. Those who acquire the Anti-HBS through immunization will require a booster dose if the level falls below 100 mIU/ml.
HBs Ag is a part of the capsule of the hepatitis B virus and if positive represents hepatitis B infection. If the liver enzymes are normal, the person is a carrier of hepatitis B. If the enzymes are high for more than a few months, that person is suffering from chronic hepatitis B. Both groups have a higher risk of liver cancer than the normal population.
C-reactive protein is vital in the assessment of cardiovascular disease risk in an individual and is usually tested alongside lipid profile tests.
